ელემენთა პერიდული perioduli sistema
იხ. ვიდეო
- 8-wevrianma
periodebma ganapiroba 8-vertilauri jgufis Camoyalibeba (I, II, III, IV, V,
VI da VIII). am jgufiebSi 18-wevrian9 periodis elementebi Taviseburadaa
dalagebuli. didi periodis elementebi 2 mwkrivad lagdeba, I mwkrivSi
ukanaskneli 3 elementi ganlagebulia VIII jgufSi triadis saxiT.Bbunebruvia,
rom didi da mcire periodebis elementebs Soris ar aris didi msgavseba arc
valentobasa da arc Tvisebebis mixedviT. amitom TiToeuli gayves 2
qvejgufad, erTs mTavari qvejgufi ewoda, meores-Tanaqvekgufi.
- mTavari
qvejgufis elementebis qim. Tvisebebi arsebiTadaa damokidebuli maT
galnagebaze inertuli airis mimarT, swored am niSnebis mixedviT aris
dayofili elementebi, r-Ta rigobrivi ricxvi 1-2 erTeuliT metia an S-1
erTeuliT naklebia inertuli airis rigobriv ricxvze. danarCenebi ki
Tanaqvejgufs miekuTvneba, amrigad, mTavari qvejgufi Sedgeba didi periodisd
elementebisgan. araliTonebs mxolod mTavari qvejgufebi moicavs.
Tanaqvejgufebi ki liTonebisgan sedgeba. mcire periodebis elementebs
d.mendeleevma tipiuri elemntebi uwoda, xolo im wvejgufebs, r-ic tipiur
elemntbs Seicaven mTavari qvejgufebi.
- Tipiuri
liTonebi galnagebulia I da II jgufSi. Marcxnidan marjvniv gadanacvlebisas
sustdeba liTonuri Tvisebebi da Zlierdeba araliTonuri Tvisebebi. Amitom V
da VI jgufSi tipiuri araliTonebia, xolo VII-Si- yvelaze aqt. araliTonebi.
inertuli airi aris sazRvari sapirispiro Tvisebebis mqone
elementebs-liTonebsa da aralinebs Soris.
- Aatomuri
masis gadidebisas jgufSi Zlierdeba liTonuri Tvisebebi, misi semcirebiT ki-
araliTonuri Tvisebei. yvelaze aqt. liTonia ceziumi Ss, yvelaze aqt.
araliToni ki- ftori F amrigad, elementTa liTonuri Tvisebebi periodul
sistemasi Zlierdeba diagonalurad: marjvnidan marcxniv, zemodan qvemoT.
misi sapirispiro mimarTulebiT ki Zlierdeba araliTonuri Tvisebebi.
- e.p.s-is
fiz. Arsis garkveva dakavSirebulia kvanturi meqanikis ganviTarebasTan.
Kvanturi ricxvebisa da paulis prncipis safuZvelze elementTa Tvisebebis
perioduloba bunebriv axsnas poulobs.
- Mmocenul
energetikul doneze (garsze) eleqtronebis maqsimaluri ricxvi N=2 h2,
sadac h mTavari kvantui ricxvia. rodesac h=1,2,3,4,5 Sesabamisad garsebs
aRniSnaven K,L,M,N da O simbloebiT.
- h-is yovel
mniSnelobas Seesabameba energet. Done, r-ic, Tavis mxriv Sedgeba
qvedoneebisagan. Qvedoneebbs axasiaTebs meore kvanturi ricxvi, r-sac
gamosaxaven 1 simboloTi da uwodeben orbotul kvantur ricxvs. mTavari
ricxvis yovel mniSvnemobas Seesabameba orbituli kvanturi rocxvis
diskretuli mniSvnelobebi, r-ic icvleba 0-dan h-1-mde.
- Ricxvis
sidide gansazRvravs qvegarsebze leqtronebis galnagebas. 1=0,1, 2,3
dakavSirebuli eleqtronebis s,p,d,f mdgomareobani
(maT vSirad uwodeben s,p,d, f eleqtronebs. Yovel aseT mdgomareobas
Seesabameba garkveuli formis orbitali r-ic agreTve s,p,d,f mTavari
kvanturi ricxvis mniSvnelobebis mixedviT gveqneba 1s, 2s, 3s,…2p, 3p,
4p…3d, 4d, 5d, 5d, da 4f,5f
qvegarsebi, sadac cifrebi simboloebis win gamoxatavs mTavari
kvantur ricxvis sidides.
- Eleqtronebs
ganawileba Tavisufal energet. doneebze Sedegi principis Sesabamisad
warmoebs: pirvel rigSi Seivseba udablesi energet. Done Semdeg misi
momdevnoebi (K, L, M da a.S.). Ar-is Semdeg ki - energet. done, r-sac
gansazRvravs ufro meti sididis mTavari kvanturi ricxvi. Sesabamisi done
ufro adre Seivseba, vidre Seuvsebeli mis win myofi done. Amitomac yovel
did periodSi pirvel or elements gare garsze (lit-Si xSirad garsis nacvlad
xmaroben Sres, xolo qvegarsis nacvlad-garss) aqvs S eleqtronebi da mxolod
III jgufidan iwyeba d qvegarsis
Sevseba, rac mTavrdeba Tanaqvejgufis elementebSi. Qvegarsebis Sevsebis
mixed. arCeven s, p, d da f
elementebs.
- Gganxiluli
surati saSualebas gvaZlevs davadginoT atomTa eleqtronuli garsebis
perioduloba. Rogobrivi ricxvis gadidebisas ivseba ax.garsebi, r-ic
perodulad meordeba meordeba eleqtronTa erTnairi qvegarsebi (s, s, p, s, d,
s, s, p, d, f). amrigad, qim. elemntebis TvisebaTa periodulobas
ganapirobebs atomTa elewtromagn garsebis aRnagobis perioduloba.
lanTanoidebisa da aqtinoidebis adgilmdebareobis garkveva periodul
sistemaSi arsebiTad gaadvilda atomis aRnagobis Teoriis SemuSavebam.
- Pperiodulobas
eqvemdebareba elementTa valentobis cvlileba periodSi. valentobasTan
uSualod aris dakavSirebuli ionizaciis potencialebi, r-Ta cvlileba agreTve
periodulia.
- Periodulobis
kanoni mnisvelovan rols TamaSobs ara marto ax. Elementebis sinTezSi aramed
liTonTa qimiaSi da sxv., didia agreTve misi filosof. mniSvneloba, d.
mendeleevis periodubis kanonma xeli Seuwyo fizikisa da qimiis anviTareba