ელემენტთა პეროდული სისტემა

      ელემენთა პერიდული  perioduli                  sistema

         

 d. mendeleevisa, ქიმიური elementebis klasifikacia, r-ic warmoadgens d. mendeleevis periodulobis kanonis gv\rafikul gamosaxulebas, wim. elemenbis sistematizaciis cdebi jer kidev XIXI30-ian wlebidan daiwyo. Daadgina msgavsi wim. Tvisebebis mqone elementebis arseboba (mag.,  deberaineris ,,triadebi”). 1864 l. maierma atomur masaTa monacemebis safuZvelze  Seadgina tabula, r-Sic aCvena, elementebis readenime jguifis atomuri masebisa da Tvisebebis ramdenime Tanafadrdoba, magram zogadi Teoria da daskvna mas ar gaukeTebia.Tanamedrove (1985) e.p.s. moicavs 107 qim. Elements. misi wanamorbedi iyo d. mendeleevis mier 1869 Sedgenili tabula. Semdgomi 2wlis manZilze mendeleevma srulyo tabula, SemoiRo elementebis mwkrivebad da jgufebad dayofa. amas elementTa perioduli sistema uwoda. 

                       

                                     დ.ი. მენდელეევი. პორტრეტი ილია რეპინი (1885)

e.p.s-is grafikuli gamosaxulebis mravali variantisagan r-ic upiratesad cxrilebis saxiT iyo warmodgenili, gansakuTrebiT gavrcelda sami formametad mniSvnelovani iyo e.p.s-Si elementebis adgilis dakavSireba periodisa da jgufis nomerTan. amis safuZvelze SesaZlebeli gaxda zogierTi elementis im dros miRebuli atomuri masis Sesworeba. d. mendeleevma e.p. s-is safuZvelze iwinaswarmetyvela manamade ucnobi elementebis ,,ekaboris” Sc, ,, ekaaluminis” Ca, ,, ekasiliciumis” Ge arseboba da maTi naerTebis Tvisebebi, rac SemdgomSi brwyinvaled dadasturda da periodulobis kanonma sayovelTao aRiareba moipova. Gairkva, rom rigobrivi nomeri ricxobrivad elementis atomis rocxvis sididis tolia (e. rezerfordi, h. mozli). Meotronebis aRmoCenis Semdeg gasagebi gaxda atomuri masisa da izotropiis arsi, elementTa Tvisebebis perioduloba daukavSirda atomis eleqtruli garsis agebulebas.d. medeleevis sistemaSi elementebis Tviebebis perioduloba ara aris martivi. pirveli periodi Sedgeba 2elementisagan H da He. Mmas ori, rva-rva-wevriani periodi mosdevs esenia: Li da Na, Be da Mg, B da Al da a.S. garda pirvelisa yvela periodi iwyeba tute liToniT da inertuli airiT mTavrdeba. periodSi elementis Tvisebebi TandaTanobiT icvleba. Na tipiuri liTonia, warmoqmnis Zlier tutes, Mg mkafiod gamoxatul liTonur Tvisebebs iCens, magram aseTi aqtiuri ar aris, rogorc Na. Al ukve liTon-araliTonia, misi Jangi da hidroJangi amfoterulia, Si araliTonia, P da S aqtiuri araliTonebia, CI am periodSi yvelaze aqt. araliTonia. me-4 da me-5 periodebi 18-18wevrebisgan Sedgeba. TiToeuli maTganis SedgenilobaSi Sedis VIIIjgufis 3-3elementi. Taviseburad icvleba elementebis Tvisebebi me-4 periodis Sc-Zn mwkrivSi. aseve Taviseburad icvleba elementebis Tvisebebi me-5 periodis Y-Cd mwkrivSi. amitom Sc-Zn da Y-Cd mwkris ele,entebs gardamavali elementebi uwodes. am or did periods mohyveba yvelaze didi me-6 periodi, r-ic 32 elements moicavs. am periodSi Sedis lanTanis momdevno 14 elementi-lanTaniodebi, r-Ta Soris didi msgavsebaa, es periodi Seicavs agreTve gardamaval elementTa mwkrivs. Ukanasknelamde me-7 periodi. garda Fr, Ra da Ac-isa, moicavs 14elementisagan Sedgenil aqtinodebis ojaxs da gardamavali elementebis mwkrivis pirvel wevrebsa es periodi ar aris bolomde Sevsebuli, is uda Seicavdes 32elements da mTavrdebodes inertiuli airiT Z=118.
იხ. ვიდეო

2. 8-wevrianma periodebma ganapiroba 8-vertilauri jgufis Camoyalibeba (I, II, III, IV, V, VI da VIII). am jgufiebSi 18-wevrian9 periodis elementebi Taviseburadaa dalagebuli. didi periodis elementebi 2 mwkrivad lagdeba, I mwkrivSi ukanaskneli 3 elementi ganlagebulia VIII jgufSi triadis saxiT.Bbunebruvia, rom didi da mcire periodebis elementebs Soris ar aris didi msgavseba arc valentobasa da arc Tvisebebis mixedviT. amitom TiToeuli gayves 2 qvejgufad, erTs mTavari qvejgufi ewoda, meores-Tanaqvekgufi.
3. mTavari qvejgufis elementebis qim. Tvisebebi arsebiTadaa damokidebuli maT galnagebaze inertuli airis mimarT, swored am niSnebis mixedviT aris dayofili elementebi, r-Ta rigobrivi ricxvi 1-2 erTeuliT metia an S-1 erTeuliT naklebia inertuli airis rigobriv ricxvze. danarCenebi ki Tanaqvejgufs miekuTvneba, amrigad, mTavari qvejgufi Sedgeba didi periodisd elementebisgan. araliTonebs mxolod mTavari qvejgufebi moicavs. Tanaqvejgufebi ki liTonebisgan sedgeba. mcire periodebis elementebs d.mendeleevma tipiuri elemntebi uwoda, xolo im wvejgufebs, r-ic tipiur elemntbs Seicaven mTavari qvejgufebi.
4. Tipiuri liTonebi galnagebulia I da II jgufSi. Marcxnidan marjvniv gadanacvlebisas sustdeba liTonuri Tvisebebi da Zlierdeba araliTonuri Tvisebebi. Amitom V da VI jgufSi tipiuri araliTonebia, xolo VII-Si- yvelaze aqt. araliTonebi. inertuli airi aris sazRvari sapirispiro Tvisebebis mqone elementebs-liTonebsa da aralinebs Soris.
5. Aatomuri masis gadidebisas jgufSi Zlierdeba liTonuri Tvisebebi, misi semcirebiT ki- araliTonuri Tvisebei. yvelaze aqt. liTonia ceziumi Ss, yvelaze aqt. araliToni ki- ftori F amrigad, elementTa liTonuri Tvisebebi periodul sistemasi Zlierdeba diagonalurad: marjvnidan marcxniv, zemodan qvemoT. misi sapirispiro mimarTulebiT ki Zlierdeba araliTonuri Tvisebebi.
6. e.p.s-is fiz. Arsis garkveva dakavSirebulia kvanturi meqanikis ganviTarebasTan. Kvanturi ricxvebisa da paulis prncipis safuZvelze elementTa Tvisebebis perioduloba bunebriv axsnas poulobs.
7. Mmocenul energetikul doneze (garsze) eleqtronebis maqsimaluri ricxvi N=2 h², sadac h mTavari kvantui ricxvia. rodesac h=1,2,3,4,5 Sesabamisad garsebs aRniSnaven K,L,M,N da O simbloebiT.
8. h-is yovel mniSnelobas Seesabameba energet. Done, r-ic, Tavis mxriv Sedgeba qvedoneebisagan. Qvedoneebbs axasiaTebs meore kvanturi ricxvi, r-sac gamosaxaven 1 simboloTi da uwodeben orbotul kvantur ricxvs. mTavari ricxvis yovel mniSvnemobas Seesabameba orbituli kvanturi rocxvis diskretuli mniSvnelobebi, r-ic icvleba 0-dan h-1-mde.
9. Ricxvis sidide gansazRvravs qvegarsebze leqtronebis galnagebas. 1=0,1, 2,3 dakavSirebuli eleqtronebis s,p,d,f  mdgomareobani (maT vSirad uwodeben s,p,d, f eleqtronebs. Yovel aseT mdgomareobas Seesabameba garkveuli formis orbitali r-ic agreTve s,p,d,f mTavari kvanturi ricxvis mniSvnelobebis mixedviT gveqneba 1s, 2s, 3s,…2p, 3p, 4p…3d, 4d, 5d, 5d, da 4f,5f  qvegarsebi, sadac cifrebi simboloebis win gamoxatavs mTavari kvantur ricxvis sidides.
10. Eleqtronebs ganawileba Tavisufal energet. doneebze Sedegi principis Sesabamisad warmoebs: pirvel rigSi Seivseba udablesi energet. Done Semdeg misi momdevnoebi (K, L, M da a.S.). Ar-is Semdeg ki - energet. done, r-sac gansazRvravs ufro meti sididis mTavari kvanturi ricxvi. Sesabamisi done ufro adre Seivseba, vidre Seuvsebeli mis win myofi done. Amitomac yovel did periodSi pirvel or elements gare garsze (lit-Si xSirad garsis nacvlad xmaroben Sres, xolo qvegarsis nacvlad-garss) aqvs S eleqtronebi da mxolod III jgufidan iwyeba  d qvegarsis Sevseba, rac mTavrdeba Tanaqvejgufis elementebSi. Qvegarsebis Sevsebis mixed. arCeven  s, p, d da f elementebs.
11. Gganxiluli surati saSualebas gvaZlevs davadginoT atomTa eleqtronuli garsebis perioduloba. Rogobrivi ricxvis gadidebisas ivseba ax.garsebi, r-ic perodulad meordeba meordeba eleqtronTa erTnairi qvegarsebi (s, s, p, s, d, s, s, p, d, f). amrigad, qim. elemntebis TvisebaTa periodulobas ganapirobebs atomTa elewtromagn garsebis aRnagobis perioduloba. lanTanoidebisa da aqtinoidebis adgilmdebareobis garkveva periodul sistemaSi arsebiTad gaadvilda atomis aRnagobis Teoriis SemuSavebam.
12. Pperiodulobas eqvemdebareba elementTa valentobis cvlileba periodSi. valentobasTan uSualod aris dakavSirebuli ionizaciis potencialebi, r-Ta cvlileba agreTve periodulia.
13. Periodulobis kanoni mnisvelovan rols TamaSobs ara marto ax. Elementebis sinTezSi aramed liTonTa qimiaSi da sxv., didia agreTve misi filosof. mniSvneloba, d. mendeleevis periodubis kanonma xeli Seuwyo fizikisa da qimiis anviTareba